Ithaca, the legendary home of Odysseus, boasts a rich history marked by several ancient settlements. However, pinpointing their exact locations remains a fascinating puzzle for archaeologists.
The Enigmatic Odyssean Asti:
The first city, Odyssean Asti, sparks debate among archaeologists. Some believe it lies in Aetos, while others favor a location in North Ithaca, specifically the triangle formed by Stavros, Exogi, and Platrithias villages. This latter theory focuses on Pilikata, the only spot where three seas are visible, fulfilling Homer’s description of Odysseus’ city offering views of three horizons filled with water. Interestingly, Exogi holds the “School of Homer,” hinting at a long-standing connection to the epic poet.
The Mycenaean Legacy of Leake’s City:
The second prevailing theory for Asti comes from the Englishman William Leake. Intrigued by the port’s name, he unearthed Mycenaean artifacts during excavations in the region. This city also boasts the “Cave of the Wolf,” containing ancient artefacts. Some archaeologists even suggest a link to Homer’s “Cave of the Nymphs.”
Alalkomenes: A City with Divided Origins:
Another potential city, Alalkomenes, is situated in Aetos. Opinions diverge regarding its founding. Some believe it coexisted with Odysseus, while others place its origin in the 8th century BC. The city finds mention in the works of Plutarch and Strabo. An alternative theory suggests the name originated from Odysseus’ birthplace, Alalkomenes in Boeotia, which he bestowed upon this Ithacan city. However, this explanation seems less likely.
Lost and Found: Cities Beyond Homer’s Era:
Stephen of Byzantium mentions the city of Kynetha, but details remain elusive. Ptolemy and Skylax mention an “Ithaca” city, though its connection to Homer or a later period remains unclear due to a lack of specifics.
Newer Settlements and the Whispers of the Past:
Later historical accounts reveal additional settlements. Anna Comnena, in the Alexiad (1089), mentions a city named Jerusalem, possibly located near present-day Rousanos, where Christian-era tombs were discovered. North of Perachori village stood Koukouvata, with remnants of houses visible today. This settlement is also known as Paliochora, likely named by residents who moved downstream to establish the modern-day Vathy after the decline of piracy.
Castles, Villages, and Echoes of Legends:
Frikes boasts a castle, while Stephen Vyzantios mentions Korakostefano, whose inhabitants were called Korakopetraioi. This site might be linked to the Homeric “Korakos Petra” in Kalamos, or possibly Pera Pigadi at Marathia due to its resemblance to Homer’s description. William Gell, who visited the island in 1805, noted a cemetery in this area, then called Mnimata.
Bassadona mentions two other settlements in Anogi and Exogi. Notably, Exogi has been inhabited since 1600 and was once called Bassadona Stafronikion.
Several other villages have faded into time. Malo, near Agia Kyriaki, shows remnants of houses. Anogi’s slopes held Paxinata, whose residents relocated to Lefki to escape pirates. Ai Lias, west of Afales Bay, and Maggano near Mount Nirito in Stavros village, also met similar fates. Additionally, Stavros’ periphery held the abandoned settlements of Evgereti and Stella.
Unearthing the Past:
Ithaca’s story continues to unfold as archaeologists delve deeper. Each discovery brings us closer to understanding the island’s vibrant past and the lives of its inhabitants who left their mark on this storied land.
